AS: December 2010

Date	Event	Details
1982	Magazines start to use electronic mail and online noticeboards	Acorn User (Addison-Wesley) uses Dialcom/Telecom Gold, a subscription-based email system
1982	Cover disc - vinyl	Your Computer (December) 33.3 rpm vinyl single holding Sinclair ZX81 games
1982	Publishers start to use computer networks	Acorn User and contract publisher Redwood throws out all typewriters and introduces Econet sysyem based on Acorn BBC Micro technology. Copy written on networked BBC terminals, stored on floppy discs or 5MB network hard drive and printed on centralised daisywheel or dot matrix printers to be sent to typesetters. Redwood continued to use the system - which grew to about 80 terminals - before switching to Macintoshes running Quark XPress
1983	Subscription-based online bulletin boards using viewdata systems (broadcast by TV stations or over telephone lines)	Viewdata systems consisting of several hundred 'pages', each of 24 characters by 20 lines of text (1K in size): Ceefax (BBC): data was broadcast inbetween television frames (not interactive) . Prestel (British Telecom): over telephone lines (1200/75 baud). in-house systems for companies, eg travel agents . bulletin boards on home computers used this technology. other systems were Minitel in France and Telidon in Canada.
		Emap launches Micronet, which reaches 1m subscribers. Magazines and individuals set up their own pages using Prestel
	Thousands of computer users run own boards from home, office or school using BBC Micros, modems and phone lines
Schools in the Outer Hebrides on the west coast of Scotland had access to a dedicated viewdata system in 1984
1986	BBC attempts to establish a standard for interactive video discs	Domesday system with Philips Laservision disc player - using double-sided, 12-inch optical discs - controlled by a BBC Micro
1980s	Development of digital technologies for handling typesetting and image manipulation	Apple Macintosh (1984) Postscript from Adobe Systems (1984) Apple Laser Writer printer (1985) Aldus Pagemaker (1985) ISO defines SGML (1986) Adobe Illustrator (1987) Quark Xpress (1987) Adobe PhotoShop (1989)
1992		Adobe Acrobat PDFs
1993	11 November: Guardian article about the World Wide Web	The Guardian's Computer section (p19) carries an article 'The world in a web' by Joe Levy of Edinburgh university describing the World Wide Web project at CERN. The article gives a Telenet address for information and an FTP address for the Mosiac browser at NCSA.
1994	Newspapers move to the web	Daily Telegraph claims to be the first national newspaper on the web
	The Unzip CD-Rom from IPC and software developer Zone UK was based on content from New Musical Express, Vox and New Scientist in 1995. It cost £15.99 (for the PC or Mac) and had a target circulation of 20,000. Only one edition was published with the CD-Rom lacking the depth (and cheapness) of a printed magazine, the visual quality of TV or the excitement of a computer game
1995	CD-Rom magazines	At least 10 available (Baumann 1995 ). Blender (a US title distributed by Dennis in the UK at £9.99 based around samples of US bands and film trailers); Unzip, 'the UK's first fully interactive magazine on CD-Rom' (IPC)
	CD-Rom cover mounts on non-computer magazines	August issue of men's monthly Maxim (Dennis Publishing)
	Websites for mainstream magazines	Uploaded.com (Loaded, IPC); nme.com (New Musical Express, IPC)
1996	Electronic auditing	ABC Electronic established to provide independent certification for data related to electronic media
	X-Net was bi-monthly, which came with a CD-Rom and a cover price of £7.95 for 100 pages. It featured popular pin-up Jo Guest and carried hundreds of addresses for pornographic as well as sport, comedy and car websites. The CD-Rom held more than 300 links to websites and used the sales line: 'Babe Fest! Interview the girls, then watch them strip.' It caused a furore, to which its editor, Dominic Handy, responded in the Guardian: 'We did not go out to publish a porn mag, we wanted to publish Loaded for the internet.'
1997	Digital kiosks	BT Touchpoint with NME, Loaded and Marie Claire content
	Improving technology meant CD-Rom titles could market themselves based on their video content. Among the publishers to exploit this development were those behind top-shelf titles such as Enter
1998	Sunday Times CD-ROM covermount	Windows on the World is an educational CD-Rom produced with the British National Space Centre
1999	BRAD (Nov) directory lists 668 entries under 'new media'
	Nuvo Media's Rocket e-Book	Portable e-book device for $300 that held about 4,000 ages (10 books). Owners could buy copyrighted digital versions of books and journals
2000	CD-Rom magazines based on video content	Enter monthly from Pure Communications. Lads' mags with advertising from Toyota, Heineken, Mars and Jameson whiskey
	Microsoft launches Reader software using ClearType for PCs and laptops	Company predicts in a timeline on its website (dated September 13 1999) and in advertising that a 'slate form' Tablet PC would be a mainstream device by 2004; that eNewstands would 'proliferate on street corners' by 2006; by 2008 ebook titles would 'begin to outsell conventional volumes in most counties'; two years later companies would be giving away ebook devices; and by 2020, the primary dictionary definition of a book would be writing displayed on a computer. Barnes & Noble.com and Microsoft open eBookStore for Microsoft Reader (www.bn.com). Michael Crichton's Timeline was free to download. Other promoted books for sale included Lethal Seduction by Jackie Collins, Married to Laughter by Jerry Stiller and Deadly Decisions by Kathy Reichs. Online magazine Salon was sceptical . The Microsoft timeline pages were taken down by 2001
2001	Digital facsimile editions of newspapers start to appear	'Flat PDFs' with no interactivity
	US software developer Zinio founded
2003	SMS text messaging	Loaded (IPC)
	Online media have become mainstream: BRAD (Jun) no longer lists websites separately
	Sunday Times CD-Rom supplement	The Month CD-Rom is based on entertainment and arts content.It was sponsored by Renault for a reported £250,000. The first time the disc was loaded, a 40-second Renault advery was shown. After that, users could skip the ad half way through. Commercial dealsincluded a website with MVC where users could order reviewed CDs and a link to Warner Village's website t book tickets online
2005	Financial Times launches digital facsimile edition	Includes How to Spend It
	Digital paper announced
2006	Switch in teenage spending to online and mobile-phone-based media blamed for teen magazine closures	Emap closes Smash Hits. The name lives on as a digital music TV channel and radio station, online and as a mobile phone service
	Digital (facsimile) magazines	Exact Editions launches first titles (Feb). Quickly expanded to include Dazed & Confused
	Downloadable magazines for phones	Time Out, OK!, Glamour, GQ on Mobizine platform (Feb)
	Magazines launch on YouTube	Condé Nast puts Glamour , GQ and Vogue on YouTube
	YouTube seen as affecting (men's) magazines	‘Unloaded, and now the party is over,’ (Brown, 2006 )
	Magazines use YouTube for marketing	Nuts men's weekly (IPC) celebrates sales results with a raunchy ad on YouTube
	Temporary video websites exploiting social networking	Zootube.co.uk for Emap's Zoo men's weekly
	TV magazines cover online films and podcasts	Radio Times covers YouTube, iFilm and Google Video on radiotimes.com and in magazine
	Interactive digital-only magazines launched	Monkey from Dennis. 'The world’s first weekly digital men’s magazine' (Nov)
	Media organisations launch special editions in Second Life online world	US technology title Wired (October); German tabloid Bild (December); Sky News (May 2007); CNET, Reuters, BBC Radio 1 and Channel 4 Radio (Green 2007)
2007	TV guide revamps website to help find shows on the web for downloading	Radio Times
	First ABCe figures for digital -only and print magazines	Monkey releases ABCe of 209,612 copies a week

	Digital-only magazine for teenagers	National Magazines launches Jellyfish as a trial using Ceros technology. The magazine's motto was 'if it moves, click.' However, problems with the emailed files being blocked because of poor mailing lists led to the experiment failing and it was closed within 6 months.
	Contract publishers seek ABCe audits for digital titles	River Publishing registers Healthy for Men with ABCe (May)
	Advertising revenue rising but 'no one has got the business model for online cracked yet,' Stevie Spring (chief executive, Future Publishing)
	'[Newspapers] have yet to find sound monetisation models' (Richard Stephenson, chairman of Yudu Media, quoted by Kirby 2007)
	Magazines move into digital TV	Nuts TV channel based on the weekly IPC men's magazine (September)
	Free weekly men's magazine launched with website	ShortList gives away 500,000 copies. 'Our site is completely central to everything we're planning' Mike Soutar, quoted in Dorrell, 2007
	Online digital facsimile newsagents launched	MyMag Online in Ireland
	DVD magazine announced	'The world's first' magazine on DVD from Expansive Media (for November launch)
	Publishers working with digital paper	E-Ink working with Time magazine (Moses)
2008	Digital magazines becoming an established medium	Exact Editions has about 70 titles; Ceros 200. In February 2008, Zinio launches Global Newsstand to make 850 titles available to buy and read online
	Brand expansion for Monkey	Dennis Publishing and mobile media company Player X launch Monkey as a free mobile TV channel (March)
	Dennis builds on Monkey business model	Dennis launches fortnightly iMotor and Gizmo
	Monthly car launch	Motor Play launches as a free digital car monthly ‘with over 200 pages of beautifully produced articles on cars’
	Social applications and widgets for Stuff website	Umee develops utilities such as Twitter, Facebook and Clearspring widgets for Haymarket's Stuff.tv
	Wallpaper widget	News feed and a photo of the day from monthly design title
2009	iPhone app from NME	IPC's music weekly sells 59p app to access band photographs using Umee technology. Rebrands itelf as: online, magazine, TV, radio, mobile (note the order)
2010	February: Dennis closes monthly motoring emag iMotor	Company blames e-mag's lack of success on the economic downturn and that it had 'found it hard to convince manufacturers to make full use of the creative environment that a digital magazine offers'. Monkey and iGizmo not affected
	April: iPad launch in the US May: Apple launches the iPad in the UK. Claims 300,000 sales on the first day.	Newspapers and magazines such as Wired, The Spectator and the Financial Times release iPad apps to read their stories in a format that tries to mimic the printed page. The FT wins 'best iPad app' award for its free offering, which is downloaded 150,000 time in 3 weeks; the August edition of Press Gazette gave the total as 250,000 (p6). iPad screen is 9.7 inches diagonally, compared with the iPhone's 3.5in
	May: VW releases free customer magazine as iPad app	DAS (Digital Automotive Space) also set up as a website in June. The plan was to publish the app quarterly in five languages across Europe
	August: Dazed & Confused released as free app for Apple iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch	Dazed co-founder Jefferson Hack said: 'From fold out poster to iPad app, Dazed has come a long way since its birth almost two decades ago. With the new app, a whole new audience of culturally aware iPad and iPhone users will be introduced to Dazed.' The digital magazine was based on Exact Editions Precisely platform
	September iPad 'changing the rules of digital publishing'	A report on the Yudu website suggested people were spending far more time browsing the iPad app for GQ and Vanity Fair than they were the websites (from 2-4 minutes a month to 60)
	Segmentation of digital publishing strategies	Publishers start to talk of discrete digital channels: smartphone 'snackers' who want news, sports and other nuggets of information in the early morning and evening; PC users who want access to valuable information from websites; users of the iPad, Kindle and other e-readers ot tablets who see the device as much nearer a magazine and are used to paying for apps, which aree seen as 'cool'. Mobile apps tended to be: free branded sampler of news and reviews; paid-for content at, say £2.99, but with mobile advertising between screens; ad-free premium versions at, say, £10.99; subscriptions to a print magazine and app at a 10-20% discount to the full print subscription. Buyers are likely to be upmarket 'early adopters' who are attractive to advertisers and improve the magazine's readership profile. Some publishers see the iPad as an opportunity to improve the image of their print brand and appeal to a younger or more upmarket audience. Selling mobile advertising is difficult because web banners are not suitable for small screens. Also iPad apps cannot display the level of advertising as print pages and there is no equivalent of a spread. Another problem is Apple's control of the iPhone / iPad customer and the potential for publishers to earn revenue from digital subscriptions and digital advertising.
	Wired iPad app sales plummet	Sales fall from 100,000 in June to about 28,000 in August for the Adobe-based app
	Poll on magazine reading/browsing in 2020	Exact Editions ran an online survey in October 2010 asking people's opinions about their future reading habits, How will we read magazines? See poll results.

"The magazine industry has survived the coming of the digital age because it has been able to exploit technological advances. Indeed, it has always done so throughout its long history."

The magazine industry has been a dominant leader in the print media for decades. There are thousands of titles of magazines printed each year with new titles being constantly added to the ever growing industry. These cater for every need or hobby and interest. With new technological advancements many people believe magazines and printed media will become obsolete and that the internet and digital media will become the preferred way of reading information.

Magazines have been the preferred way of receiving information for decades, and their popularity is stronger today than ever before. It seems that more and more people enjoy sitting down and reading a magazine, just to escape the world and have some time to think. The amount of titles on offer mean that most people will find a magazine which they can enjoy. These magazines specially select what they include to suit their readers and it seems that they are still doing a very good job. People read a certain magazine because most of it will interest them. With modern technology, it would be possible to receive all of this news just by using the internet, and in fact, most magazine articles are also available online. Regardless of this fact, people still buy magazines regularly and the industry has seen a boom in it's revenue recently.

The future of Print in the Magazine industry has been heavily debated, and it is widely accepted that due to technological advances it is declining. However, many people who are regular magazine subscribers have claimed that they will continue to purchase and read their favourite publications. This could mean that, balanced between an online edition, as well as published print, the industry can continue to exist, with a similarly large readership, with just a shift in where the articles are read. Thanks to advertising and potential fee's, the magazine can make enough money to continue.

Media Notes- The NME (New Musical Express)

Published weekly since March 1952

In the 1970s it became the best-selling British music magazine.

During the 1960s the paper championed the new British groups emerging at the time. The Beatles and The Rolling Stones were frequently featured on the front cover.

The paper became engaged in a sometimes tense rivalry with its fellow weekly music paper Melody Maker; however, NME sales were healthy with the paper selling as many as 200,000 issues per week, making it one of the UK's biggest sellers.

By the early 1970s NME had lost ground to the Melody Maker as its coverage of music had failed to keep pace with the development of rock music,

The NME gave the Sex Pistols their first music press coverage in a live review of their performance at the Marquee in February that year, but overall they were slow to cover this new phenomenon in comparison to Sounds and Melody Maker, where Jonh Ingham and Caroline Coon respectively were early champions of punk.

The paper also became more openly political during the time of Punk. Its cover would sometimes feature youth-oriented issues rather than a musical act. The paper took an editorial stance against political parties like the National Front. The election of Margaret Thatcher in 1979 saw the paper take a broadly socialist stance for much of the following decade.

NME had started to report on new bands coming from the US, mainly from Seattle. These bands would form a new movement called Grunge and by far the most popular bands were Nirvana and Pearl Jam. The NME took to Grunge very slowly ("Sounds" was the first British music paper to write about grunge with John Robb being the first person to interview Nirvana.

In May 2008 the magazine received a redesign, aimed at an older readership with a less poppy, more authoritative tone. The first issue of the redesign featured a free seven-inch Coldplay vinyl single. Circulation of the magazine has fallen continuously since 2003. In the second half of 2009, the magazine's circulation was 38,486, 47% down on a 2003 figure of 72,442.

AS

Tuesday 14 December 2010

NME fact file

Timeline of IPC Media

Development of digital media

Magazine Question

NME Notes

NME Questions